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FROM AIR FORCE TO HYPERSONIC FUTURE: ÉLCIO GERÔNIMO DE OLIVEIRA'S JOURNEY IN BRAZILIAN AEROSPACE DEVELOPMENT (ENGLISH VERSION)

Introdução: A entrevista com Élcio Gerônimo de Oliveira, conduzida pelo repórter Luis, apresenta a trajetória profissional de um pesquisador brasileiro com experiência na Força Aérea Brasileira e no meio acadêmico, com foco em sistemas espaciais e veículos hipersônicos. Objetivos: Documentar a carreira e contribuições de Élcio para o desenvolvimento aeroespacial brasileiro, destacando sua transição da carreira militar para a acadêmica e sua participação em projetos estratégicos, especialmente o projeto 14X. Métodos: A entrevista foi estruturada em blocos temáticos, abordando a carreira militar, a experiência acadêmica e, com maior detalhamento, o envolvimento no projeto do veículo hipersônico 14X. Foram realizadas perguntas abertas, permitindo ao entrevistado compartilhar sua experiência e conhecimento técnico. Resultados: Élcio descreveu sua progressão na Força Aérea Brasileira, desde pesquisador até vice-chefe da Diretoria de Espaço, destacando o desenvolvimento de veículos lançadores, sistemas de navegação inercial e o projeto SARA. Relatou sua transição para a carreira acadêmica, incluindo sua experiência como professor na Universidade de Luleå, na Suécia. Élcio detalhou sua coordenação no projeto 14X, um veículo hipersônico que alcançou Mach 7, com perspectivas de atingir Mach 10. Discussão: A entrevista revela a importância da cooperação internacional e da transferência de tecnologia, exemplificada pela doação do primeiro laboratório de hipersônica do Brasil. Evidencia também os desafios técnicos na construção de veículos hipersônicos e o potencial dessas tecnologias para aplicações militares e civis. Conclusão: A carreira de Élcio Gerônimo de Oliveira exemplifica a contribuição brasileira para pesquisa aeroespacial avançada, demonstrando a capacidade nacional de desenvolver tecnologias estratégicas como veículos hipersônicos, apesar das limitações de recursos, e apontando possibilidades futuras para o transporte e exploração espacial.
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INQUIRY FOR SUITABLE LOCATIONS FOR A DRILLING REGIME AT AN UPSLOPE ROCKY KNOLL OF LAWU ESTATE, WESTERN BYPASS, MINNA, NIGERIA

Background: A client requested that the study group help determine locations that would be suitable for a drilling regime at his lot, located at an upslope rocky knoll of Lawu Estate, Minna, Nigeria. Aim: The aim of this study is to carry out a purpose-specific survey to pinpoint the best locations in a built-up property at the upmarket Lawu Estate that would be suitable for a drilling regime targeted for household consumption. Methods: The study area was reconnoitered by the survey crew in order to georeference the locations that would be occupied for the vertical electrical sounding survey in the 30 m x 20 m lot. Owing to the extensive build-up at this lot, only a four-point traverse along the 30-metric dimension traverse of the frontage of the building was demarcated in the northeasterly direction, thereby limiting the desire of the survey crew to define an appropriate survey grid. The data-acquisition pattern at the 4 x 1 survey stations of the frontage-traverse of the lot followed the “traditional” sequence of Schlumberger array layout measurements, whence the survey crew progressed with current-electrode spacing either end of a survey point located at this frontage-traverse targeting a maximum survey depth of 100 m. Result: The acquired vertical electrical-sounding data set for this study was recorded on purpose-specific data sheets. Discussion: Based on empirical rules-of-thumb procedures for interpreting vertical electrical sounding data at the Nigerian Basement Complex geological province, “assured” groundwater location and “strongly aquiferous” location, deductive inferences were drawn with regards to only vertical electrical sounding Station 4. Conclusion: Thus, it is recommended that VES Station 4 be exploited in the planned drilling program of the client, especially since this survey point checks off 100 percent of the constraints imposed by the rules-of-thumb interpretation procedures.
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TREATMENTS FOR ACUTE LYMPHOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA: A COMPARISON BETWEEN TISAGENLECLEUCEL AND CLOFARABINE

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a heterogeneous hematological malignancy predominantly affecting individuals under 20 years of age. Traditional chemotherapy, such as clofarabine, has shown efficacy; however, novel immunotherapeutic strategies like tisagenlecleucel (Kymriah®) have significantly altered the treatment paradigm. Aim: This study aimed to perform a comparative analysis of tisagenlecleucel, a CAR-T cell therapy, and clofarabine, a second-generation purine nucleoside analog, evaluating their mechanisms of action, therapeutic benefits, limitations, and clinical applicability across diverse patient populations. Methods: A systematic comparative evaluation was conducted, encompassing pharmacological characteristics, mechanisms of action, treatment protocols, efficacy, safety profiles, and clinical indications of both agents. The analysis considered pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic data and included patient demographic variables. Results: Tisagenlecleucel demonstrated high efficacy in refractory B-cell ALL, with durable responses and a blood half-life of 128 days, but with notable immune-related adverse effects such as cytokine release syndrome. Clofarabine, effective across a broader patient population, acts via multiple antitumor mechanisms but carries significant toxicity risks, including infection and sepsis. Discussion: The therapies present distinct clinical profiles: tisagenlecleucel offers targeted immunotherapy with high specificity but requires specialized infrastructure and management of immune toxicities. Clofarabine is more widely accessible and applicable, but is associated with conventional chemotherapy-related side effects. Treatment accessibility and cost differ markedly between the two. Conclusions: Therapy selection should be personalized based on patient-specific factors and institutional resources. Tisagenlecleucel is ideal for pediatric and young adult patients with relapsed/refractory B-cell ALL in CAR-T-capable centers, while clofarabine remains a viable option for broader ALL populations, particularly when genetic therapies are not feasible. Further research is needed to optimize therapeutic strategies and improve access to advanced treatments.
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General information

SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

    General information about this journal
  • Title: SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES
  • Short Title: South. J. Sci.
  • ISSN: 2764-5959 (Online); ISSN: 2764-5967 (Print)
  • Universal Decimal Classification (UDC): 001
  • Review Process: Double-Blind Peer-Review
  • Accessibility: Platinum Open Access, NO-APCs.
  • Digital preservation: Portico
  • Frequency of Publication: biannual [2 issues per year]. Journal publication schedule
  • DOI: 10.48141/2764-5959
  • Website: https://www.sjofsciences.com/
  • Country: BRAZIL
  • Publisher: Araucária - Scientific Association.
  • Language of Publication: ENGLISH / PORTUGUESE*
  • *Year that the Journal started accepting manuscripts in Portuguese: 2020
  • First issue year: 1993
  • Free full text: Yes
  • Indexed in: Index Copernicus; Latindex, and I2OR.
  • Formerly known as the Southern Brazilian Journal of Chemistry (1993 to 2021).
  • Former ISSN: 2674-6891 (Online); Former ISSN: 0104-5431 (Print).
  • Website last update: 06/07/2025.

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COMPARATIVE STUDY OF DPD REAGENTS FOR CHLORINE MEASUREMENT IN DRINKING WATER AND DEVELOPMENT OF A JAVASCRIPT INTERPOLATION TOOL

Background: Determining chlorine in water ensures safety. Among other methods, the DPD colorimetric method is used. The DPD Method relies on colorimetric reactions to measure free and total chlorine concentration in water samples with pink compound formation. Aims: To perform a comparative chlorine analysis using DPD, assessing reagents from 3 makers and 2 Hach instruments to identify disparities and propose adjustments for more accurate measurements. Methods: Hach High-Range and Low-Range Free chlorine determination procedures were followed. DR300 and POCKET Colorimeter II spectrophotometers were used. Tests were conducted for each DPD manufacturer in low/high ranges and in two HACH devices to determine the chlorine concentrations. Hach was used as the reference; LaMotte and PoliControl compared against it. Statistical analyses were compiled using MS Excel. Results: The tests findings were gathered in Tables 1-5. JavaScript and HTML scripts were created to convert LaMotte and PoliControl outcomes into values equivalent to those of HACH through linear interpolation. Discussion: Various DPD reagents and equipment provided slightly different readings, prompting empirical evaluation of these differences. Adjusting the results to Hach's results was selected as both the reagent and spectrophotometer were from the same brand. Differences in spectrophotometer readings were more pronounced in high-range tests nearing the upper limit of the test. Conclusions: Equipment variations caused minor result differences; DPD reagents are not interchangeable without correlation. The Open-source code developed aided in reducing reading disparities.
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E-SELECTIN AS A BIOMARKER IN FEMALE PATIENTS WITH Β-THALASSEMIA IN AL- NAJAF PROVENCE, IRAQ

E-selectin, as identified (CD62E), is expressed on endothelial cells after stimulation with inflammation cytokines. β-Thalassemia diseases (βT) and early diagnosis are of utmost significance in the entire world population. This study was performed in the Thalassemia Center of the Al-Zahraa Educational Hospital in Al-Najaf Province, Iraq, on sixty-nine with β-thalassemia (54 βT major and 15 βT Intermedia) aged 8-40 years who transfused blood. Compared to 20 healthy volunteers as a control group. In both βT patients and healthy groups were assessed serum E-selectin levels. It was investigated the relationship with RBC, Hb, PCV, WBC, PLT, BMI, splenic status, iron, and ferritin levels. The results revealed a significant (P<0.05) decreased values of HB, RBC, P.C.V, and BMI. In contrast, values of WBC, PLT, Iron, and Ferritin were significantly increased in βT patients as compared to the healthy control groups. A significant (P<0.05) increase in serum E- Selectin level in βT patients (20.55±0.47) ng/ml to compare with the healthy group (9.16±0.50) ng/ml. Furthermore, it was a significant decrease in groups of βT major (19.87±0.42) ng/ml more than in βT intermedia (23±1.42) ng/ml. E-Selectin revealed a significant increase (P<0.05) in progress age and associated with splenectomies and underweight groups compared to splenectomies and the normal weight groups, respectively. Also, E-Selectin levels significantly positively correlated with WBC, PLT value, iron, and Ferritin levels. However, it was no significant with RBC, PCV, Hb. As a conclusion from this study, E- Selectin is an important biomarker in β-thalassemia patients can be identified as the complications associated with iron overload, inflammatory process, and endothelial dysfunction in βT disease. 
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ASSESSMENT OF THE IRRIGATION WEIR REMOVAL IN THE ENGURI RIVER

Background: Dams are one of the biggest threats to aquatic biodiversity. They restrict the movement of migratory fish. The construction of barriers can cause the complete extinction of some species from the rivers. When a dam can no longer perform its function or research will determine the need to demolish it, dams are often removed. In the lower part of the Enguri River, Georgia, an irrigation weir is currently non-functional. Aims: This research aims to prove the need to demolish the dam construction on the 44th km of the Enguri River, as it negatively impacts biodiversity and creates an artificial barrier in the river. Methods: Visual inspection was used as a method to assess the morphology and habitat of the dam where it is located. The conversation method was used with Engurhesi LTD representatives to understand the current function of the dam. The Questions were related to the current function of the dam. Results: Based on the conservation with Engurhesi LTD representatives, the study has shown that there is no reason that an irrigation weir might be left in its current state on the Enguri River. Based on the studies, the damage to biodiversity is real and disturbing. Discussion: The irrigation weir on the Enguri River was left untended because of the construction of the Enguri dam. Currently, there is no reason to divert the river Enguri with the help of an irrigation weir as there is no excess water in this river. Conclusions: In conclusion, it can be said that it is necessary to remove the irrigation weir on the Enguri River to restore habitat and mitigate the threats to biodiversity.
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SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES

The SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES publishes articles in Chemistry, Physics, Mathematics, Biology, Pharmacy, Medicine, Engineering, Industrial Science, Agriculture, and related interdisciplinary areas and is intended to fill a gap in terms of scientific information worldwide. All manuscripts can be published either in English or Portuguese, with tile, abstracts, and keywords in English. At present, there are NO PUBLICATION FEES. Editors will cover web hosting, open access, DOI number, and other service costs.

We have set high standards for the articles to be published by ensuring strong but fair refereeing by at least two reviewers. We hope that this Journal will provide a forum for disseminating high-quality research in chemistry and related areas and are open to any questions and suggestions. Starting in 2020, the SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES will have two issues per year (June and December).

Thank you very much for choosing the SOUTHERN JOURNAL OF SCIENCES to publish your paper!
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